10779/rcsi.10791338.v1 Beatrice D'Orsi Beatrice D'Orsi Helena Bonner Helena Bonner Liam P. Tuffy Liam P. Tuffy Heiko Düssmann Heiko Düssmann Ina Woods Ina Woods Michael J. Courtney Michael J. Courtney Manus W. Ward Manus W. Ward Jochen HM Prehn Jochen HM Prehn Calpains are downstream effectors of bax-dependent excitotoxic apoptosis. Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland 2019 Animals Apoptosis Calpain Cell Line Tumor Cells Cultured Dipeptides Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists Female Hippocampus Humans Mice 129 Strain Inbred C57BL Knockout N-Methylaspartate Organ Culture Techniques Pregnancy bcl-2-Associated X Protein Physiology Medical Physics 2019-11-22 16:58:31 Journal contribution https://repository.rcsi.com/articles/journal_contribution/Calpains_are_downstream_effectors_of_bax-dependent_excitotoxic_apoptosis_/10791338 <p>Excitotoxicity resulting from excessive Ca(2+) influx through glutamate receptors contributes to neuronal injury after stroke, trauma, and seizures. Increased cytosolic Ca(2+) levels activate a family of calcium-dependent proteases with papain-like activity, the calpains. Here we investigated the role of calpain activation during NMDA-induced excitotoxic injury in embryonic (E16-E18) murine cortical neurons that (1) underwent excitotoxic necrosis, characterized by immediate deregulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis, a persistent depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ(m)), and insensitivity to bax-gene deletion, (2) underwent excitotoxic apoptosis, characterized by recovery of NMDA-induced cytosolic Ca(2+) increases, sensitivity to bax gene deletion, and delayed Δψ(m) depolarization and Ca(2+) deregulation, or (3) that were tolerant to excitotoxic injury. Interestingly, treatment with the calpain inhibitor calpeptin, overexpression of the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin, or gene silencing of calpain protected neurons against excitotoxic apoptosis but did not influence excitotoxic necrosis. Calpeptin failed to exert a protective effect in bax-deficient neurons but protected bid-deficient neurons similarly to wild-type cells. To identify when calpains became activated during excitotoxic apoptosis, we monitored calpain activation dynamics by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy using a calpain-sensitive Förster resonance energy transfer probe. We observed a delayed calpain activation that occurred downstream of mitochondrial engagement and directly preceded neuronal death. In contrast, we could not detect significant calpain activity during excitotoxic necrosis or in neurons that were tolerant to excitotoxic injury. Oxygen/glucose deprivation-induced injury in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures confirmed that calpains were specifically activated during bax-dependent apoptosis and in this setting function as downstream cell-death executioners.</p>