Advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapy for glioblastoma: a glimpse into precise treatment strategies.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumour with limited effective treatment. This study delves into the genetic heterogeneity and the impact of the tumour microenvironment (TME) on treatment resistance, particularly in IDH-wild-type (IDH-wt) GBM. Molecular subtypes identified within IDH-wt GBM, such as pro-neural, classical, and mesenchymal, provide a basis for more precise therapeutic strategies. This paper reviews innovative treatment approaches, including targeted immunotherapy involving receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy, oncolytic virus (OV) therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Despite challenges and limited success in certain clinical trials, combining diverse therapeutic modalities is suggested to improve overall clinical outcomes. The conclusion explores the ongoing multifaceted efforts and emerging research dedicated to reshaping the treatment modalities for GBM, offering optimism for more effective and targeted interventions against this formidable malignancy.